2026-09-03

¿Cuál es la causa de la deslaminación del recubrimiento en piezas moldeadas por inyección después del granallado?

Composición química incorrecta del material: Niveles excesivos de elementos como silicio (Si) y hierro (Fe) en las aleaciones de aluminio pueden facilitar la formación de fases intermetálicas excedentes o estructuras laminares, generando una estructura superficial porosa. Elevados contenidos de magnesio (Mg), manganeso (Mn) o zinc (Zn) favorecen la aparición de fases duras y frágiles, mientras que una deficiencia de cobre (Cu) reduce la resistencia superficial, haciendo que la pieza sea propensa a la delaminación durante el granallado. Además, una proporción excesiva de material de chatarra refundida (≥50 %) degrada las propiedades mecánicas de la aleación y aumenta el riesgo de porosidad e inclusiones de impurezas.

Defectos en el diseño del molde: Un diseño inadecuado del sistema de alimentación, por ejemplo, una sección transversal del canal de distribución mayor que la del bebedero, o frentes de flujo de fundición opuestos, puede provocar atrapamiento de aire o turbulencias, originando poros en las capas superficiales delgadas de la pieza. Un sistema de ventilación ineficiente o fallos en el sistema de refrigeración (por ejemplo, zonas locales con temperaturas excesivamente bajas) pueden generar defectos como soldaduras frías o marcas de flujo, dando lugar a una estructura de material laxa o porosa.

Factores relacionados con los parámetros del proceso de fundición a presión

Problemas en los parámetros de inyección: Desalineación del eje de inyección respecto al centro, carrera insuficiente del émbolo en la fase de inyección a alta velocidad o presión de inyección inadecuada pueden causar un llenado incompleto de la cavidad del molde, debilitando así la unión entre la capa superficial y el núcleo de la pieza. Temperaturas bajas del baño de aluminio (causadas por un tiempo de retención excesivo en el cucharón o temperaturas bajas en el manguito de inyección), así como temperaturas anómalas del molde (zonas locales con sobreenfriamiento o sobrecalentamiento), pueden generar fácilmente soldaduras frías o inclusiones de óxido en capas.

Uso incorrecto de agentes desmoldantes: Una concentración excesiva, una aplicación excesiva o un secado incompleto del agente desmoldante pueden introducir humedad o residuos de aceite en el baño de aluminio; esto favorece la formación de una capa de óxido en la interfaz y reduce considerablemente la resistencia de unión.

Factores del proceso de granallado y postprocesado

Parámetros de granallado incorrectos: Velocidad de procesamiento excesiva, tiempo de exposición prolongado, intensidad de alimentación de granalla demasiado alta o tamaño no uniforme de la granalla (en particular, presencia de partículas sobredimensionadas) pueden generar cargas de impacto excesivas y provocar la delaminación de la capa superficial densa.

Problemas durante la eliminación de rebabas y esmerilado: Una eliminación incompleta de rebabas y material sobrante —o, por el contrario, un esmerilado excesivo que elimina la capa superficial densa— hace que la pieza sea muy vulnerable a la delaminación del recubrimiento durante el granallado posterior.



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